{"id":550,"date":"2018-08-01T20:23:08","date_gmt":"2018-08-01T20:23:08","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/geteach.com\/blog\/?p=550"},"modified":"2025-07-01T16:27:48","modified_gmt":"2025-07-01T16:27:48","slug":"authoritative-bias-of-maps","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/geteach.com\/blog\/2018\/08\/01\/authoritative-bias-of-maps\/","title":{"rendered":"Authoritative Bias of Maps (Updated 2025)"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>In today\u2019s context it is bit of a challenge writing a post about the authoritative bias of maps. After all, how can maps be both accurate and tendentious. Kuby, Harner, and Gober\u2019s book <em>Human Geography in Action (<a href=\"http:\/\/a.co\/2C1hF9s\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Amazon Link:\u00a0http:\/\/a.co\/2C1hF9s<\/a>)\u00a0<\/em>attributes this authoritative bias to five critical decisions cartographer must make in creating and conveying visual information: maps projections, simplification, map scale, aggregation, and type of map.<a href=\"#_ftn1\" name=\"_ftnref1\">[1]<\/a> Below are a couple of ways Google\u2019s Geo tools can be used to demonstrate these choices.<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>1. Maps Projection<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p>As discussed in a previous post (<a href=\"https:\/\/geteach.com\/blog\/2016\/09\/18\/1st-map-lesson-maps-lie-geteach-com\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">link<\/a>), Google Maps, Google\u2019s Maps API, and Google\u2019s My Maps uses a Mercator projection. Projections are chosen for a purpose; in this case probably navigation. The easiest way to demonstrate the impact of this choice simply draw the ring around Greenland in <a href=\"https:\/\/www.google.com\/maps\/d\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">My Maps<\/a>, or <a href=\"https:\/\/geteach.com\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">geteach.com<\/a>, and drag the polygon to the equator.<\/p>\n<p><strong><em>Student Activity<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<p>In class, I give students time to draw and drag polygons on their own. They\u2019re often curious about the size of Russia and enjoy moving the African continent northward toward the pole to see how dramatically it expands. Being from Texas, I like to challenge students to trace Alaska and drag it south over the continental U.S.\u2014a humbling comparison that usually sparks great discussion.<\/p>\n<p><em>Map Projection\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/geteach.com\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">geteach.com<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"Exploring the Mercator Projection with geteach.com&#039;s Polygon Tool\" width=\"1170\" height=\"658\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/7zhSzqeS1SE?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe><\/p>\n<p><em>Map Projection\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.google.com\/maps\/d\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">My Maps<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"Exploring the Mercator Projection with Google&#039;s My Maps Polygon Tool\" width=\"1170\" height=\"658\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/_gHCoo7cquw?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe><\/p>\n<p><em><strong>Compare Map Projection:<\/strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/map-projections.net\/recommended-list.php\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Cool Site<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>2. Simplification<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p>Kuby et al. like to use subway maps to demonstrate the idea of simplification and its benefit to the user. Below are London\u2019s transit tubes on Google Maps and the other is London\u2019s transit tube map. Explore and follow routes through London by zooming in\/out and dragging the two maps below.<\/p>\n<p><em><strong>Student Activity<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n<p data-start=\"101\" data-end=\"340\">Have students explore two maps of the London Underground: one stylized and one geographically accurate. The second map features a slider to compare both versions. I ask students to imagine they\u2019re navigating the city in real life.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"342\" data-end=\"528\" data-is-last-node=\"\" data-is-only-node=\"\">Which map would be more useful? Which is more accurate? And why is the distorted version still widely used? This leads to great discussion about simplification and purpose in map design.<\/p>\n<p>(Sorry, Google&#8217;s API only shows tube transit lines from this zoom level and closer)<br \/>\n<iframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/geteach.com\/westwood\/cartoMaps\/LondonTube.html\" width=\"100%\" height=\"550px\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/developers.google.com\/maps\/documentation\/javascript\/trafficlayer#traffic_layer\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><span style=\"font-size: 8pt;\">Source: Google Maps API Transit<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p>Use the slider at the bottom of this map to help compare.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><iframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/geteach.com\/westwood\/cartoMaps\/LodonTubeCombo.html\" width=\"100%\" height=\"550px\"><\/iframe><br \/>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/tfl.gov.uk\/maps\/track\/tube\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><span style=\"font-size: 8pt;\">Source: Transport for London<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p><em><strong>Student Activity (Simplification <a href=\"https:\/\/geteach.com\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">geteach.com<\/a>)<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n<p>Students can practice using <a href=\"https:\/\/geteach.com\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">geteach.com<\/a>\u2019s tools to explore how map simplification affects interpretation. After interacting with the map, they jot down their thoughts on how simplifying the design can make certain spatial patterns easier to identify.<\/p>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"How to Simplify Maps Using geteach.com | Map Literacy &amp; Spatial Thinking\" width=\"1170\" height=\"658\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/kj5sljx2Xyo?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe><\/p>\n<p><em><strong>Student Activity (Simplification <a href=\"https:\/\/earth.google.com\/web\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Google Earth<\/a>)<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n<p>Students could also practice using <a href=\"https:\/\/earth.google.com\/web\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Google Earth<\/a>\u2019s tools to explore how map simplification affects interpretation. After interacting with the map, they jot down their thoughts on how simplifying the design can make certain spatial patterns easier to identify.<\/p>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"How to Simplify Maps Using Google Earth | Map Literacy &amp; Spatial Thinking\" width=\"1170\" height=\"658\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/HwfTRMaL000?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>3. Map Scale<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p data-start=\"117\" data-end=\"328\">Map scale\u2014or zoom level\u2014directly affects the amount of detail shown. A <strong data-start=\"188\" data-end=\"207\">large-scale map<\/strong> displays a smaller area with <strong data-start=\"237\" data-end=\"255\">greater detail<\/strong>, while a <strong data-start=\"265\" data-end=\"284\">small-scale map<\/strong> shows a larger area with <strong data-start=\"310\" data-end=\"325\">less detail<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"330\" data-end=\"425\">An easy way to remember this:<br data-start=\"359\" data-end=\"362\" \/><strong data-start=\"362\" data-end=\"392\">Large Scale = Large Detail<\/strong><br data-start=\"392\" data-end=\"395\" \/><strong data-start=\"395\" data-end=\"425\">Small Scale = Small Detail<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><em><strong>Student Activity (Map Scale <a href=\"https:\/\/geteach.com\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">geteach.com<\/a>)<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n<p>Students use <a href=\"https:\/\/geteach.com\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">geteach.com<\/a> to compare a single location at two different map scales. They observe what details become visible at a large scale\u2014such as streets, land use, or elevation\u2014and note what patterns or context are better understood at a small scale, like regional position or spatial relationships. They then reflect on why a geographer might choose one scale over the other depending on the purpose.<\/p>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"Understanding Map Scale with geteach.com | Geography Skills Tutorial\" width=\"1170\" height=\"658\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/oYYaHZEiJrE?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe><\/p>\n<p><em><strong>Student Activity (Map Scale <a href=\"https:\/\/earth.google.com\/web\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Google Earth<\/a>)<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n<p>Students can also use <a href=\"https:\/\/earth.google.com\/web\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Google Earth<\/a> to explore a location at two different map scales. They observe what details become visible at a large scale\u2014such as streets, land use, or elevation\u2014and note what patterns or context are better understood at a small scale, like regional position or spatial relationships. They then reflect on why a geographer might choose one scale over the other depending on the purpose.<\/p>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"Understanding Map Scale with Google Earth | Geography Skills Tutorial\" width=\"1170\" height=\"658\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/QME7y6xgxbE?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>4. Levels of Aggregation<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p>Aggregation refers to the size and boundaries of the geographic units used to organize and display data on a map\u2014such as countries, regions, or local districts. This concept is closely tied to <em data-start=\"443\" data-end=\"462\">scale of analysis<\/em>, which refers to the spatial extent at which data is grouped and interpreted. Common scales of analysis include <strong data-start=\"575\" data-end=\"585\">global<\/strong>, <strong data-start=\"587\" data-end=\"599\">regional<\/strong>, and <strong data-start=\"605\" data-end=\"614\">local<\/strong>, each offering different insights depending on the level of generalization.<\/p>\n<p><em><strong>Student Activity (Levels of Aggregation <a href=\"https:\/\/geteach.com\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">geteach.com<\/a>)<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n<p>Using <a href=\"https:\/\/geteach.com\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">geteach.com<\/a>, students explore the 2016 Brexit referendum results across multiple scales of analysis. They begin at the <strong data-start=\"987\" data-end=\"1005\">national level<\/strong>, where the map shows the United Kingdom as a whole, and then examine data at the <strong data-start=\"1087\" data-end=\"1109\">sub-national region<\/strong>, including the four nations of Great Britain: <strong data-start=\"1156\" data-end=\"1167\">England<\/strong>, <strong data-start=\"1169\" data-end=\"1181\">Scotland<\/strong>, <strong data-start=\"1183\" data-end=\"1192\">Wales<\/strong>, and <strong data-start=\"1198\" data-end=\"1218\">Northern Ireland<\/strong>. From there, students can further to examine results by <strong data-start=\"1279\" data-end=\"1293\">UK regions<\/strong> (e.g., Eastern, North West, London), and finally, at the <strong data-start=\"1351\" data-end=\"1366\" data-is-only-node=\"\">local level.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"Visualizing Levels of Aggregation with geteach.com | Brexit Data\" width=\"1170\" height=\"658\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/T4llJnB1YXQ?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe><\/p>\n<p><em><strong>Student Activity (Levels of Aggregation <a href=\"https:\/\/earth.google.com\/earth\/d\/1zK9cphJzwvL5kaD6PmWcTgqG9h8jBSxQ?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Google Earth &#8211; Link to File<\/a>)<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n<p>Students can also use Google Earth (<a href=\"https:\/\/earth.google.com\/earth\/d\/1zK9cphJzwvL5kaD6PmWcTgqG9h8jBSxQ?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Link to Google Earth File<\/a>), students explore the 2016 Brexit referendum results across multiple scales of analysis. They begin at the <strong data-start=\"987\" data-end=\"1005\">national level<\/strong>, where the map shows the United Kingdom as a whole, and then examine data at the <strong data-start=\"1087\" data-end=\"1109\">sub-national region<\/strong>, including the four nations of Great Britain: <strong data-start=\"1156\" data-end=\"1167\">England<\/strong>, <strong data-start=\"1169\" data-end=\"1181\">Scotland<\/strong>, <strong data-start=\"1183\" data-end=\"1192\">Wales<\/strong>, and <strong data-start=\"1198\" data-end=\"1218\">Northern Ireland<\/strong>. From there, students can further to examine results by <strong data-start=\"1279\" data-end=\"1293\">UK regions<\/strong> (e.g., Eastern, North West, London), and finally, at the <strong data-start=\"1351\" data-end=\"1366\" data-is-only-node=\"\">local level.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"Visualizing Levels of Aggregation with Google Earth | Brexit Data\" width=\"1170\" height=\"658\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/3PiRTmdAcUI?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><strong><span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\">5. Types of Ma<\/span><\/strong><span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>p<\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p>Be it reference or thematic maps, cartographers still must make decisions on what to show, omit, or emphases.<\/p>\n<p><em><strong>Reference maps<\/strong><\/em> are designed to show general information about places\u2014such as political boundaries, physical features, roads, and place names\u2014without focusing on specific data themes. Google Maps is a widely used example of a reference map. However, what many users don\u2019t realize is that Google Maps adjusts its political boundaries and place names based on the viewer\u2019s regional context.<\/p>\n<p><em><strong>Student Activity (Reference Maps <a href=\"https:\/\/geteach.com\/regions\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">geteach.com\/regions<\/a>)<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n<p data-start=\"1079\" data-end=\"1356\">Students use the <a class=\"\" href=\"https:\/\/geteach.com\/regions\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-start=\"1156\" data-end=\"1206\">geteach.com\/regions<\/a> comparison tool to explore how Google Maps displays international boundaries differently depending on regional perspectives. They compare areas like:<\/p>\n<ul data-start=\"1358\" data-end=\"1627\">\n<li data-start=\"1358\" data-end=\"1430\">\n<p data-start=\"1360\" data-end=\"1430\">The <strong data-start=\"1364\" data-end=\"1384\">Crimea Peninsula<\/strong> from the perspective of the U.S. vs. Russia<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"1431\" data-end=\"1542\">\n<p data-start=\"1433\" data-end=\"1542\"><strong data-start=\"1433\" data-end=\"1452\">Northern region of South Asia<\/strong>\u00a0from the perspectives of India, Pakistan, and other countries<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"1543\" data-end=\"1627\">\n<p data-start=\"1545\" data-end=\"1627\">Additional disputed territories (e.g., South China Sea or Taiwan) as time allows<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p data-start=\"1629\" data-end=\"1673\">Students then write down their observations:<\/p>\n<ul data-start=\"1674\" data-end=\"1892\">\n<li data-start=\"1674\" data-end=\"1743\">\n<p data-start=\"1676\" data-end=\"1743\">How do borders and place names change based on the selected region?<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"1744\" data-end=\"1819\">\n<p data-start=\"1746\" data-end=\"1819\">What does this tell us about the concept of <em data-start=\"1790\" data-end=\"1810\">authoritative bias<\/em> in maps?<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"1820\" data-end=\"1892\">\n<p data-start=\"1822\" data-end=\"1892\">Why is it important to consider perspective when using reference maps?<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"Same Map, Different Boundaries | Google Maps Regional Differences\" width=\"1170\" height=\"658\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/Yt982j7XtHM?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe><\/p>\n<p>While reference maps focus on location and general geographic features, <em><strong data-start=\"355\" data-end=\"372\">thematic maps<\/strong><\/em> are designed to highlight a specific topic or spatial pattern\u2014such as population density, election results, or economic activity. These maps use visual variables like color, shading, or symbols to communicate data tied to geographic areas.<\/p>\n<p>A <em><strong>choropleth map<\/strong><\/em> is a type of thematic map that uses varying shades or colors to represent data values aggregated within predefined geographic areas, such as countries, states, or districts.<\/p>\n<p><em><strong>Student Activity (Thematic Maps <a href=\"https:\/\/geteach.com\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">geteach.com<\/a>)<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n<p data-start=\"152\" data-end=\"437\">Using <a href=\"https:\/\/geteach.com\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">geteach.com<\/a>, students explore the 2016 Brexit vote by comparing thematic maps at multiple scales of analysis\u2014national, regional, and local. At each scale, students compare the simpler two-color map with a more complex choropleth map that uses multiple vote-percentage categories.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"439\" data-end=\"510\">As they analyze both maps within each scale of analysis layer, students reflect on the following questions:<\/p>\n<ul data-start=\"512\" data-end=\"831\">\n<li data-start=\"512\" data-end=\"559\">\n<p data-start=\"514\" data-end=\"559\">What is the scale of analysis for each map?<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"560\" data-end=\"624\">\n<p data-start=\"562\" data-end=\"624\">What patterns are easier to see in the simple two-color map?<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"625\" data-end=\"688\">\n<p data-start=\"627\" data-end=\"688\">What additional insights does the more complex map provide?<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"689\" data-end=\"764\">\n<p data-start=\"691\" data-end=\"764\">How does scale of analysis influence the spatial story these maps tell?<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"765\" data-end=\"831\">\n<p data-start=\"767\" data-end=\"831\">What are the strengths and limitations of each mapping approach?<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"Using geteach.com to Explore Choropleth Maps | Brexit Vote Thematic Mapping Tutorial\" width=\"1170\" height=\"658\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/lc6_zdgEXgA?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe><\/p>\n<p><em><strong>Student Activity (Thematic Maps <a href=\"https:\/\/earth.google.com\/earth\/d\/1zK9cphJzwvL5kaD6PmWcTgqG9h8jBSxQ?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Google Earth &#8211; Link to File<\/a>)<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n<p data-start=\"152\" data-end=\"437\">Student can also use <em><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/earth.google.com\/earth\/d\/1zK9cphJzwvL5kaD6PmWcTgqG9h8jBSxQ?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Google Earth &#8211; Link to File<\/a><\/strong><\/em>, students explore the 2016 Brexit vote by comparing thematic maps at multiple scales of analysis\u2014national, regional, and local. At each scale, students compare the simpler two-color map with a more complex choropleth map that uses multiple vote-percentage categories.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"439\" data-end=\"510\">As they analyze each scale of analysis layer, students reflect on the following questions:<\/p>\n<ul data-start=\"512\" data-end=\"831\">\n<li data-start=\"512\" data-end=\"559\">\n<p data-start=\"514\" data-end=\"559\">What is the scale of analysis for each map?<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"560\" data-end=\"624\">\n<p data-start=\"562\" data-end=\"624\">What patterns are easier to see in the simple two-color map?<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"625\" data-end=\"688\">\n<p data-start=\"627\" data-end=\"688\">What additional insights does the more complex map provide?<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"689\" data-end=\"764\">\n<p data-start=\"691\" data-end=\"764\">How does scale of analysis influence the spatial story these maps tell?<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"765\" data-end=\"831\">\n<p data-start=\"767\" data-end=\"831\">What are the strengths and limitations of each mapping approach?<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"Using Google Earth to Explore Choropleth Maps | Brexit Vote Thematic Mapping Tutorial\" width=\"1170\" height=\"658\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/XTd_WZnKZv4?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h2><span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Conclusion<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>Kuby, Harner, and Gober\u2019s book <em>Human Geography in Action<\/em>\u00a0(<a href=\"http:\/\/a.co\/2C1hF9s\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Amazon Link:\u00a0http:\/\/a.co\/2C1hF9s<\/a>) offers far more depth than this brief post. I highly recommend it for anyone\u2014or any class\u2014looking to deepen their understanding of geography.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"306\" data-end=\"721\">The goal of this post is to highlight the purposeful inaccuracies in maps and why these inaccuracies matter. While maps, like many forms of information, can be misleading, it is not always intentional or deceptive. Often, the primary purpose of a map is to communicate information more efficiently than text alone. The decisions cartographers make give maps both their strengths and their limitations. As Harm De Blij said, \u201cIf a picture is worth a thousand words, a map is worth a million.\u201d<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref1\" name=\"_ftn1\">[1]<\/a> Kuby, Michael, John Harner, and Patricia Gober.\u00a0<em>Human Geography in Action<\/em>. 6th ed. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley and Sons, 2013.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>In today&rsquo;s context it is bit of a challenge writing a post about the authoritative bias of maps. After all, how can maps be both accurate and tendentious. Kuby, Harner, and Gober&rsquo;s book Human Geography in Action (Amazon Link:&nbsp;http:\/\/a.co\/2C1hF9s)&nbsp;attributes this authoritative bias to five critical decisions cartographer must make in creating and conveying visual information: [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-550","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-uncategorized"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/geteach.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/550","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/geteach.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/geteach.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/geteach.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/geteach.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=550"}],"version-history":[{"count":45,"href":"https:\/\/geteach.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/550\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1114,"href":"https:\/\/geteach.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/550\/revisions\/1114"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/geteach.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=550"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/geteach.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=550"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/geteach.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=550"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}